La presente investigación tiene como propósito establecer la injerencia de la Inteligencia Artificial en al ámbito jurídico, con especial atención en la decisión jurídica y política. Para ello, se realiza un análisis descriptivo de su uso en las decisiones judiciales, administrativas y legislativas abordando escenarios del derecho sustantivo, procesal y probatorio con el fin de resolver la siguiente pregunta jurídica: ¿la inteligencia artificial es un instrumento para adoptar decisiones jurídicas o es un nuevo ente generador de decisiones jurídicas? Este interrogante (...) es desarrollado teniendo en cuenta diferentes fuentes del derecho, entre las que se destacan pronunciamientos judiciales, doctrina y legislación que desarrolla el uso de la inteligencia artificial, las cuales son analizadas con políticas de gobierno y de Estado que han planteado su incorporación en el campo del derecho. Palabras-clave: Inteligencia Artificial, Big Data, Derecho TIC, Sentencias judiciales, Pruebas judiciales. (shrink)

Background:The high level of satisfaction of users of a health service is largely due to the fact that they receive excellent care from healthcare professionals. Compassionate care is an essential...

Se somete a discusión la utilidad heurística de incorporar la perspectiva de política de las culturas juveniles para analizar los vínculos entre juventud, política y cultura en la contemporaneidad. Si los enfoques tradicionales enfatizaron en el carácter cultural de la política, y enfatizaron en los..

En una primera aproximación a la obra de Leibniz, podemos tener la impresión de enfrentarnos a una metafísica que sostiene tesis, las cuales, aparte de su enorme dificultad para ser comprendidas, también parecen entrar en conflicto entre sí. Uno de esos casos, particularmente destacado, es el tema de la libertad. En efecto, un sistema que reivindica radicalmente el principio de razón suficiente parece no poder explicar de manera satisfactoria los conceptos de espontaneidad, elección y libertad que quiere atribuir a las (...) acciones humanas. Este ensayo busca aclarar esos conceptos que son fundamentales para una correcta comprensión de la noción leibniziana de libertad. En dicha noción se encuentran fuertemente interconectados tanto elementos provenientes de su metafísica, como sus hallazgos en física y dinámica. A pesar de que estas tesis sobre dinámica son fundamentales para comprender las afirmaciones del autor acerca del tema de la libertad, son precisamente ellas las que suelen pasarse por alto, haciendo que la propuesta de Leibniz aparente cierta inconsistencia. Por el contrario, cuando comprendemos las nociones leibnizianas de fuerza, espontanei dad y elección—y cómo ellas operan en el resto de su sistema metafísico—, entendemos por qué nuestro autor, a pesar de ser un racionalista coherente, ve necesario sostener la libertad humana. Con ello, se pretende mostrar que tal noción es totalmente consistente con el resto de su sistema y cómo ella tiene un buen grado de plausibilidad. (shrink)

Los procesos de movilización y protesta social realizados por los movimientos juveniles y estudiantiles en Chile en la actualidad deben ser entendidos en el marco de un cambio en los repertorios de movilización así como en el contexto de un ciclo de movilización más amplio. De allí que la caracteriz..

El Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP), genera contextos integrados de enseñanza primando los procesos de aprendizaje competencial. El ABP favorece el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas, lingüísticas y sociales del alumnado, fomentando la participación activa, la motivación y la creatividad. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre ABP adquiere matices diferenciales en su implementación en los diferentes niveles educativos. Este estudio descriptivo e inferencial analiza la investigación didáctica publicada, desde 2015 a 2022, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Los resultados obtenidos informan de una destacada (...) presencia española en las áreas de las Ciencias Naturales. Los resultados sugieren una mayor extensión curricular de esta metodología activa y su atención en la formación inicial del profesorado. (shrink)

El análisis de datos mediante representación espacial (HJ-Biplot y Correspondencia Múltiple), ordena la percepción de inseguridad que Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado, profesionales de intervención social directa con menores y población dedicada a otras ocupaciones laborales tienen respecto a la población juvenil nativa y extranjera en España.Los resultados muestran agrupaciones conformadas en función del colectivo profesional entrevistado y su nivel de percepción de inseguridad. Destaca el colectivo de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado con una alta (...) percepción de inseguridad, generada con mayor intensidad por jóvenes del Magreb.Como conclusión principal se evidencian notables diferencias en la percepción de inseguridad en los colectivos encuestados respecto a jóvenes extranjeros o nacionales. (shrink)

En la presente investigación proponemos profundizar en el concepto de ecocidio y sus implicaciones ético-políticas, relacionándolo con los conceptos de soberanía y estado de excepción de Giorgio Agamben. El concepto de excepción, en la tradición jurídica y filosófica, está referido al ámbito de la vida de las personas y no al daño producido a la vida en la naturaleza. Sin embargo, partiendo del presupuesto de que hay una interdependencia de la vida humana con la vida de la naturaleza, se analizan (...) los desdoblamientos ético-políticos a los que esa interdependencia nos conduce, teniendo como eje el concepto de ecocidio. Para este análisis proponemos recorrer los vínculos entre ecocidio y estado de excepción como dos prácticas asimiladas que, para destruir la vida, la reducen a una insignificancia ética a través de un vacío jurídico. (shrink)

Training for sustainable development is an educational challenge of prime importance. Physical activity and sports in natural environments provide training committed to sustainability and environmental education. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an undergraduate training program in Physical Activities and Sports in Natural Environments concerned with sustainable development. A total of 113 students from the Autonomous University of Madrid who are studying a Bachelor’s Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences and a Master’s Degree in (...) Teacher Training for Secondary Education and High School were involved. Specifically, we aimed to assess the impact of this training program on three dimensions related to Environmental Education. Its effect was also examined bearing in mind students’ sex, age and educational profile. Mixed-methods were used: for the quantitative approach, data were collected with the Environmental Attitude in Physical Activities in Natural Environments validated scale; for the qualitative approach individual reflective diaries completed by students that attended the program were analyzed. The results show positive effects on the students regarding the three dimensions of Environmental Education, for both the sportive and educational training profiles. The quantitative results do not present significant differences concerning the gender variable, although the qualitative information shows that female students perceived a greater environmental sensitivity during their practices. Regarding the age variable, significant differences are found in the youngest students with an educational profile. To conclude, the study ratifies that the program carried out generated improvements in terms of knowledge, behaviors and attitudes toward the environment and sustainable development. Future research should use larger samples and consider other variables related to education for sustainability. (shrink)

Aim: The presence of noise in urban environments is rarely considered a factor that causes damage to the environment. The primary generating source is transportation means, with vehicles being the ones that affect cities the most. Traffic noise has a particular influence on the quality of life of those who are exposed to it and can cause health alterations ranging from annoyance to cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to describe the relationship between the traffic noise level and the perceived annoyance (...) in the inhabitants of a city on the Northern Border of Mexico. The work carried out in a city represents the vulnerability characteristics: economic, social, and migratory of its sizable portion of the inhabitants. Due to that, it is impossible to identify precisely the number of residents as the number of vehicles in circulation.Methods: The streets and avenues with an annual average daily traffic of more than 1,000 vehicles were considered for the measurement of traffic noise. The equipment used was a vehicle gauge with non-invasive speed radar; type I integrating sound level meters, with their respective gauges and tripods. A questionnaire was applied to people living within 250 m of the streets and avenues in which the noise was measured.Results: The noise measurement found a parameter of LAeq estimated for 12 h during the day, exceeding 70 dBA. The data received from the questionnaire were statistically tested by using Pearson's correlation tests. A total number of 2,350 people were participated, of whom 1,378 were women and 972 were men. The age of participants is ranged from 18 to 75 years. The overall perception of traffic noise annoyance identified that 1,131 participants responded “Yes” as they considered the noise annoying. Participants who responded “No” as well as those who responded “Do not know” resulted in a total of 1,219 people.Conclusion: The results show that the population is desensitized to traffic noise and does not perceive it as an annoyance. The flow of vehicles and the type of vehicles are the significant factors for the propagation and increase in the traffic noise levels. Women present a considerable appreciation of traffic noise perception instead of younger people who demonstrate a higher tolerance to high-level exposure. This reflects the lack of information of the population around the noise problem and its effects. (shrink)

La práctica docente reflexiva (PDR) se considera como una estrategia significativa para impulsar proyectos de innovación en centros educativos y mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la asociación entre el desarrollo de una práctica docente reflexiva y el fomento de la innovación educativa. Para ello, se siguió una metodología mixta con alcance exploratorio-descriptivo y una recolección de datos de corte transversal. La vertiente cuantitativa contempló la visión de docentes de aula y docentes directivos (...) (n=123) de cinco centros escolares chilenos, quienes expresaron sus opiniones en un cuestionario ad hoc. En la vertiente cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 18 docentes de aula y docentes directivos de los centros involucrados en esta investigación. Para sus relatos se realizó un análisis de contenido lo que permitió identificar patrones, temas convergentes y divergentes, considerando el contexto escolar como marco de refencia. Los resultados revelan una asociación entre una práctica docente reflexiva, donde el profesorado incorpora en su labor elementos y prácticas asociadas a un nivel de reflexión crítica, y su participación en proyectos de innovación educativa. (shrink)

Physical education is often selected for applying multilingual initiatives through the use of the content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction of such approach might entail losing Physical Education’s essence and distorting its basic purposes. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of CLIL on the Physical Education lessons. Given the purpose of this study, a mixed methodological approach based on a sequential exploratory design divided in two different phases (...) is used. We begin with an initial qualitative data collection (phase I) consisting in the analysis of interviews with 12 participants (8 teachers and 4 students). Based on its analysis, two foci are identified: social relationships and physical activity. Then, informed by the results obtained, a quantitative approach is used (phase II), differentiating these two sets of data to deepen on them. On one part, a sociometric questionnaire was applied to analyse the social relationships among CLIL students. On the other part, a quasi-experimental design (n = 49) was implemented using accelerometry to measure the MVPA of the PE sessions. Regarding physical activity, the results show that levels of MVPA are higher in the experimental group (CLIL) than in the control group showing light to the divergent viewpoints of interviewees. However, focusing on social relationships, the sociometric questionnaire results show that there were no statistical significative changes, although some signs of a slight effect on students’ relationships arise depending on their gender. Therefore, more research would be necessary to deepen on how CLIL affects in this regard. (shrink)

Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 have been increasingly recognized several months after the acute infection and have been designated as “brain fog.” We report a patient with cognitive symptoms that started immediately after COVID-19, in which cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were highly suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease. Our case highlights the need to examine patients with cognitive symptoms following COVID-19 comprehensively. A detailed assessment combining clinical, cognitive, and biomarker studies may help disentangle the underlying mechanisms associated with cognitive dysfunction in each case. The (...) investigation of neurodegenerative processes in an early stage, especially in older patients, is probably warranted. (shrink)

The objective of this research study was to determine if psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy predict satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional and predictive design was used, in which 582 Peruvian university students participated, 243 men and 339 women, between the ages of 16 and 41. Student’s t-statistics were used to analyze the differences in scores of psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies based on the sex of the participants, (...) Pearson’s R was used for the analysis of correlations between variables, and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the predictive model. In the analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. The results show that men have higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy than women do ; high levels of psychological distress correlate with high levels of anxiety and low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; high levels of anxiety correlate with low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; and high levels of academic self-efficacy correlate with high levels of satisfaction with studies. Academic self-efficacy was also found to predict satisfaction with studies. This concludes that, although there are significant correlations between psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies, academic self-efficacy is the variable that most predicts satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students. (shrink)

Aims: Attentional bias, alcohol craving, and anxiety have important implications in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder. The current study aims to test the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Cue-Exposure Therapy to reduce levels of alcohol craving and anxiety and prompt changes in AB toward alcohol content.Method: A 49-year-old male participated in this study, diagnosed with severe AUD, who also used tobacco and illicit substances on an occasional basis and who made several failed attempts to cease substance misuse. (...) The protocol consisted of six VR-CET booster sessions and two assessment sessions over the course of 5 weeks. The VR-CET program consisted of booster therapy sessions based on virtual reality exposure to preferred alcohol-related cues and contexts. The initial and final assessment sessions were focused on exploring AB, alcohol craving, and anxiety using paper-and-pencil instruments and the eye-tracking and VR technologies at different time points.Results: Pre and post assessment sessions indicated falls on the scores of all instruments assessing alcohol craving, anxiety, and AB.Conclusions: This case report, part of a larger project, demonstrates the effectiveness of the VR-CET booster sessions in AUD. In the post-treatment measurements, a variety of instruments showed a change in the AB pattern and an improvement in craving and anxiety responses. As a result of the systematic desensitization, virtual exposure gradually reduced the responses to significant alcohol-related cues and contexts. The implications for AB, anxiety and craving are discussed. (shrink)

The current article aims to study the circumstantial e historical character of Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy, organising the multiple dispersed data in his works. Philosophical literature has thought over the term vital reason a lot. However, it can be disappointingly observed that the most important issue hardly appears in its explanations. With it, Ortega meant, above all, that even in his there is no definitive philosophy. Consequently, the reason, the philosophy is alive, which does not mean that we (...) are always the same, since Philosophy is more and more experienced: there is progress, complexity increases. (shrink)

Se presenta una sistematización de las diez respuestas que, desperdigadas, podemos encontrar en la obra de Ortega y Gasset a la pregunta ¿por qué filosofa el hombre?: por naturaleza, amor, asombro, curiosidad, placer, felicidad, para estar en lo cierto, para jugar, para evadirse y para orientarse. Si todas estas pueden integrarse y adquieren una nueva significación en función de la última respuesta, correspondiente a las reflexiones de su tercer periodo que concibe la filosofía como orientación, esta será, además, la (...) primera tesis de su sistema filosófico, la realidad radical. De este modo, su filosofía quedará justificada; obligación que todo filósofo tiene para con su obra, a juicio de Ortega. ENGLISH: The article provides a systematization of the ten answers that can be found in the work of Ortega y Gasset to the question of why human beings philosophize: by nature, out of love, astonishment, curiosity, pleasure, or happiness, to be right, to play, to evade oneself, and to obtain guidance. If all of these can be integrated and acquire a new meaning with respect to the last response, which corresponds to Ortega's reflections during his third period, in which philosophy is understood as guidance, this will also be the first thesis of his philosophical system, radical reality. In this way, his philosophy would be justified, an obligation that according to Ortega, applies to all philosophers. (shrink)

This article does a research into a theme that has not been studied specifically. This is curious, as the idea of philosophy is the most important one in Ortega y Gasset’s system. Here, it is considered concerning its specifity: the principles of pantonomy and autonomy his platitudinous nature and its integrating and critical functions. As it can be seen, Philosophy’s traditional characteristics. Ortega sets them out in a masterly way, reaching its hight literary brilliance when he praises Philosophy.

The Outer Limits of Capitalism in Marx's «Critique of Political Economy». On César Ruiz Sanjuán's Interpretation of the Articulation of History and System in Marx. Resumen: Se ha publicado recientemente en castellano una investigación rigurosa y pionera acerca de la compleja articulación que mantienen la historia y la exposición del sistema capitalista en el proyecto de una «crítica de la economía política» de Marx. Este trabajo pretende exponer y discutir las aportaciones interpretativas abiertas por el libro deCésar Ruiz (...) Sanjuán: Historia y sistema en Marx. Hacia una teoría crítica del capitalismo, publicado en 2019 en la editorial Siglo XXI España. Al final de nuestra exposición profundizamos en esta articulación entre historia y sistema con vistas a presentar el proyecto político del Marx maduro como un desarrollo consecuente de su «crítica de la economía política». Palabras clave: Historia, sistema y crítica de la economía política.: A groundbreaking and rigorous research has recently been published in Spanish on the complex articulation between history and the exposure of capitalist system in Marx's project of a «Critique of Political Economy». This work aims to present and discuss the interpretative contributions opened by César Ruiz Sanjuán's book Historia y sistema en Marx. Hacia una teoría crítica del capitalismo, published in 2019 by Siglo XXI España. At the conclusion of this paper, we delve into this articulation between history and system in order to present Marx's mature political project as a consequent development of his «Critique of Political Economy». Keywords: History, system and critique of political economy. (shrink)

Jakob Johannes von Uexküll’s biological thought influenced a new path to approach the view of a living being throughout of the twentieth century. At the beginning of the past century, in Spain a “new vertebrate way of thinking” was generated, as Ortega would say. And the work of Uexküll initiated an interest in the circles of thinkers of the likes of Julio Caro Baroja, José Ortega y Gasset, and Xavier Zubiri among others. My aim is describing how Uexküll (...) plays a part in the development in the foundations of thoughts of these thinkers; in particular, Ortega and Zubiri’s thought and their interactions between the circumstantiality and formality, respectively, and Uexküll’s Umwelt. In fact, Ortega’s biological thought was the foundation of his vitalism realism and made a giant step in philosophical anthropology existentialism in his Meditations of Quixote in 1911. We will also see the anthropologist Caro Baroja’s epistemic Uexküll influences. A retrospective view of Spanish thought will be developed, where the seeds of Uexküll made fruitful the development of several authors, as well as some transitive or indirect influences; even the generation of discrepancies in others. Finally, we will describe the development, in Spanish, that had the work of Thure von Uexküll, which includes the work of his father. With Thure, the Uexküll influences in Spain concluded until the start of interest in zoosemiotics and biosemiotics. (shrink)

RESUMENEl senequismo se ha atribuido habitualmente a la filosofía española como uno de sus rasgos característicos. Sin embargo, nunca se ha contemplado en Ortega y Gasset, pese a que éste encarna a la perfección muchos otros rasgos pertenecientes a la idiosincrasia de la filosofía española. El presente artículo investiga hasta qué punto Ortega es estoico, para lo cual aborda una serie de temas, como el senequismo popular español, el alcionismo, el sosiego español, el clasicismo, la ironía socrática, el (...) Quijote y la posmodernidad, entre otros. Para terminar encontrando una vía desde la que poder concluir que Séneca se halla en Ortega.PALABRAS CLAVEFILOSOFÍA ESPAÑOLA, ALCIONISMO, IRONÍA SOCRáTICA, QUIJOTE, POSMODERNIDADABSTRACTSenequism has always been regarded as one of the typical features of Spanish philosophy. Nevertheless, it has never been taken into account in Ortega y Gasset, despite the fact that he perfectly embodies many other characteristics that belong to the idiosyncrasy of Spanish Philosophy. This article researches to what extent Ortega is stoical. Through the discussion of a series of issues such as Spanish Popular Senequism, Halcyonism, Spanish serenity, Classicism, Socratic irony, the Quixote and Postmodernity among others, we find a means to conclude that Seneca is present in Ortega.KEYWORDSSPANISH PHILOSOPHY, HALCYONISM, SOCRATIC IRONY, QUIXOTE, POSTMODERNITY. (shrink)

A lo largo de la tradición psicopatológica, incluso de la pre-fenomenológica, se encuentra la categorización del delirio como creencia. Jaspers asumió ese uso y lo fundó fenomenológico-existencialmente, definiendo su carácter de convicción. El concepto de creencia ha tenido un largo recorrido dentro de la historia del pensamiento, aunque recientemente se ha intensificado el debate acerca de la visión doxástica del delirio. En virtud de lo ya mencionado, en el presente artículo presentamos un análisis conceptual de la creencia, con el objetivo (...) de identificar de manera precisa los aspectos esenciales que permiten al delirio definirse según ella. De esta manera, se discutirán algunas de las principales incursiones realizadas en el concepto desde la antigüedad periplatónica hasta José Ortega y Gasset, remarcando en cada pensador las directrices esenciales de su aproximación a la creencia. A su vez, introducir al filósofo español al debate psicopatológico permitirá incluir en la discusión dos aspectos importantes que creemos pueden ser fructíferos para la discusión filosófica sobre el delirio: la diferencia entre ideas y creencias, y la vitalidad de estas últimas. Finalmente, hacemos referencia al actual debate pro- y antidoxástico, haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de considerar la amplitud del concepto de creencia en su genealogía histórica. Con base en ello estaríamos en condición de acercarnos a la visión doxástica moderada que han defendido autoras como Lisa Bortolotti. (shrink)

This essay is an introduction to the cluster on Latina feminism published in Hypatia (Spring 2016), Vo. 31 (2), which features essays on various areas of Latina feminisms as well as discussions on the intersection of Latina feminisms and the work of thinkers such as Mikhail Bakhtin, Simone de Beauvoir, Enrique Dussell, Immanuel Kant, Édouard Glissant, Walter Mignolo, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Contributors to the cluster include Stephanie Rivera Berruz, Cynthia M. Paccacerqua, Andrea J. Pitts, Monique Roelofs, Susan C. Méndez, Gabriela (...) Veronelli, and Elena Flores Ruiz. (shrink)

Un análisis ameno e inteligente sobre los testimonios de los grandes pensadores del progreso: E. Fromm, F. Nietzsche, K. Popper, E. Morin, C.G. Jung, M. Ferguson, A. Finkielkraut, Ortega y Gasset, entre otros.

Un análisis ameno e inteligente sobre los testimonios de los grandes pensadores del progreso: E. Fromm, F. Nietzsche, K. Popper, E. Morin, C.G. Jung, M. Ferguson, A. Finkielkraut, Ortega y Gasset, entre otros.